Friday, January 29, 2010

ਸ਼ਿਵ ਕੁਮਾਰ ਬਟਾਲਵੀ


ਮੈਂ ਕੰਡਿਆਲੀ ਥੋਰ ਵੇ ਸੱਜਣਾ

ਉੱਗੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਜਾੜਾਂ !
ਜਾਂ ਉਡਦੀ ਬਦਲੋਟੀ ਕੋਈ ,
ਵਰ ਗਈ ਵਿਚ ਪਹਾੜਾਂ !

ਜਾਂ ਉਹ ਦੀਵਾ ਜਿਹੜਾ ਬਲਦਾ ,
ਪੀਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਦੇਹਰੀ ਤੇ ,
ਜਾਂ ਕੋਈ ਕੋਇਲ ਕੰਠ ਜਿਦੇ ਦੀਆਂ ,
ਸੂਤੀਆਂ ਜਾਵਣ ਨਾੜਾਂ !

ਜਾਂ ਚੰਬੇ ਦੀ ਡਾਲੀ ਕੋਈ ,
ਜੋ ਬਾਲਣ ਬਣ ਜਾਏ ,
ਜਾਂ ਮਰੂਏ ਦਾ ਫੁੱਲ ਬਸੰਤੀ ,
ਜੋ ਠੁੰਗ ਜਾਣ ਗੁਟਾਰਾਂ !

ਜਾਂ ਕੋਈ ਬੋਟ ਕਿ ਜਿਸ ਦੇ ਹਾਲੇ
ਨੈਣ ਨਹੀ ਸਨ ਖੁੱਲੇ
ਮਾਰਿਆ ਮਾਲੀ ਕੱਸ ਗੁਲੇਲਾ
ਲੈ ਦਾਖਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਆੜਾਂ !

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਡਿਆਲੀ ਥੋਰ ਵੇ ਸੱਜਣਾ ,
ਉੱਗੀ ਕਿਤੇ ਕੁਰਾਹੇ !
ਨਾ ਕਿਸੇ ਮਾਲੀ ਸਿੰਜਿਆ ਮੈਨੂੰ ,
ਨਾ ਕੋਈ ਸਿੰਜਣਾ ਚਾਹੇ !

ਯਾਦ ਤੇਰੀ ਦੇ ਉੱਚੇ ਮਹਿਲੀਂ ,
ਮੈਂ ਬੈਠੀ ਪਈ ਰੋਵਾਂ ,
ਹਰ ਦਰਵਾਜੇ ਲੱਗਾ ਪਹਿਰਾ,
ਆਵਾਂ ਕਿਹੜੇ ਰਾਹੇ ?

ਮੈਂ ਉਹ ਚੰਦਰੀ ਜਿਸ ਦੀ ਡੋਲੀ ,
ਲੁੱਟ ਲਈ ਆਪ ਕੁਹਾਰਾਂ ,
ਬੰਨਣ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ਬਾਬਲ ਜਿਸ ਦੇ ,
ਆਪ ਕਲੀਰੇ ਲਾਹੇ !

ਕੂਲੀ ਪੱਟ ਉਮਰ ਦੀ ਚਾਦਰ
ਹੋ ਗਈ ਲੀਰਾਂ ਲੀਰਾਂ
ਤਿੜਕ ਗਏ ਵੇ ਢੋਵਾਂ ਵਾਲੇ
ਪਲੰਘ ਵਸਲ ਲਈ ਡਾਹੇ !

ਮੇਂ ਕੰਡਿਆਲੀ ਥੋਰ ਵੇ ਸੱਜਣਾ ,
ਉੱਗੀ ਵਿਚ ਜੋ ਬੇਲੇ ,
ਨਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੇਰੇ ਛਾਂਵੇ ਬੈਠੇ ,
ਨਾ ਪੱਤ ਖ਼ਾਵਣ ਲੇਲੇ !

ਮੈਂ ਰਾਜੇ ਦੀ ਬਰਦੀ ਅੜਿਆ ,
ਤੂੰ ਰਾਜੇ ਦਾ ਜਾਇਆ ,
ਤੂਹਿਓਂ ਦਸ ਵੇ ਮੋਹਰਾਂ ਸਾਹਵੇਂ
ਮੁੱਲ ਕੀਹ ਖੋਵਣ ਧੇਲੇ ?

ਸਿਖਰ ਦੁਪਹਿਰਾਂ ਜੇਠ ਦੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ
ਸਾਉਣ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਮੈਂ ਆਖਾਂ
ਚੋਹੀਂ ਕੂਟੀ ਭਾਵੇਂ ਲੱਗਣ
ਲੱਖ ਤੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਮੇਲੇ !

ਤੇਰੀ ਮੇਰੀ ਪੀ੍ਤ ਦਾ ਅੜਿਆ
ਉਹੀਓ ਹਾਲ ਸੂ ਹੋਇਆ,
ਜਿਉਂ ਚਕਵੀ ਪਹਿਚਾਣ ਨਾ ਸੱਕੇ
ਚੰਨ ਚੜਿਆ ਦਿਹੁੰ ਵੇਲੇ !

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਡਿਆਲੀ ਥੋਰ ਵੇ ਸੱਜਣਾ ,
ਉੱਗੀ ਵਿਚ ਜੋ ਬਾਗਾਂ !
ਮੇਰੇ ਮੁੱਢ ਬਣਾਈ ਵਰਮੀ
ਕਾਲੇ ਫ਼ਨੀਅਰ ਨਾਗਾਂ !

ਮੈਂ ਮੁਰਗਾਈ ਮਾਨਸਰਾਂ ਦੀ
ਜੋ ਫੜ ਲਈ ਕਿਸੇ ਸ਼ਿਕਰੇ
ਜਾਂ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਲੀ ਪਰ ਸੰਧੂਰੀ
ਨੋਚ ਲਏ ਜਿਦੇ ਕਾਗਾਂ !

ਜਾਂ ਸੱਸੀ ਦੀ ਭੈਣ ਵੇ ਦੂਜੀ
ਕੰਮ ਜਿਦਾ ਬਸ ਰੋਣਾ
ਲੁਟ ਖੜਿਆ ਜਿਦਾ ਪੁਨੂੰ ਹੋਤਾਂ
ਪਰ ਆਈਆਂ ਨਾ ਜਾਗਾਂ !

ਬਾਗਾਂ ਵਾਲਿਆ ਤੇਰੇ ਬਾਗੀਂ
ਹੁਣ ਜੀ ਨਹੀਓ ਲਗਦਾ ,
ਖਲੀ-ਖਲੋਤੀ ਮੈਂ ਵਾੜਾਂ ਵਿਚ
ਸੋ ਸੋ ਦੁਖੜੇ ਝਾਗਾਂ !


ਯਾਰੜਿਆ ਰੱਬ ਕਰਕੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ

ਪੈਣ ਬਿਰਹੋਂ ਦੇ ਕੀੜੇ ਵੇ
ਨੈਣਾ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਸੰਦਲੀ ਬੂਹੇ
ਜਾਣ ਸਦਾ ਲਈ ਭੀੜੇ ਵੇ

ਯਾਦਾ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਛੰਭ ਮਟੀਲਾ
ਸਦਾ ਲਈ ਸੁਕ ਜਾਏ ਵੇ
ਖਿੜੀਆ ਰੂਪ ਮੇਰੇ ਦੀਆ ਕੱਮੀਆਂ
ਆ ਕੋਈ ਢੋਰ ਲਤੀੜੇ ਵੇ

ਬੰਨ ਤਤੀਰੀ ਚੋਵਣ ਦੀਦੇ
ਜਦ ਤੇਰਾ ਚੇਤਾ ਆਵੇ ਵੇ
ਐਸਾ ਦਰਦ ਭਰਾ ਮੈ ਹਉਕਾ
ਟੁੱਟ ਜਾਵਣ ਮੇਰੇ ਬੀੜੇ ਵੇ

ਇਉ ਕਰਕੇ ਮੈ ਘਿਰ ਜਾ ਅੜਿਆ
ਵਿਚ ਕਸੀਸਾਂ ਚੀਸਾਂ ਵੇ
ਜਿਉ ਗਿਰਜਾ ਦਾ ਟੋਲਾ ਕੋਈ
ਮੋਇਆ ਕਰੰਗ ਧਰੀੜੇ ਵੇ

ਲਾਲ ਬਿੰਬ ਹੋਠਾਂ ਦੀ ਜੋੜੀ,
ਘੋਲ ਵਸਾਂਰਾ ਪੀਵੇ ਵੇ
ਬੱਬਰੀਆ ਬਣ ਰੁਲਣ ਕੁਰਾਹੀਂ
ਮਨ ਮੰਦਰ ਦੇ ਦੀਵੇ ਵੇ

ਆਸਾ ਦੀ ਪਿਪਲੀ ਰੱਬ ਕਰਕੇ
ਤੋੜ ਜੜੋ ਸੁੱਕ ਜਾਏ ਵੇ
ਡਾਰ ਸ਼ੰਕ ਦੇ ਟੋਟਰੂਆ ਦੀ
ਗੋਲਾਂ ਬਾਝ ਮਰੀਵੇ ਵੇ

ਮੇਰੇ ਦਿਲ ਦੀ ਹਰ ਇਕ ਹਸਰਤ
ਬਨਵਾਸੀ ਤੁਰ ਜਾਏ ਵੇ
ਨਿੱਤ ਕੋਈ ਨਾਗ ਗ਼ਮਾ ਦਾ
ਮੇਰੀ ਹਿੱਕ ਤੇ ਕੁੰਜ ਲਹੀਏ ਵੇ

ਬੱਝੇ ਚੌਲ ਉਮਰ ਦੀ ਗੰਢੀ
ਸਾਹਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਡੁੱਲ ਜਾਵਣ ਵੇ
ਚਾੜ ਗ਼ਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਛੱਤੀਂ ਕਿਸਮਤ
ਰੋ ਰੋ ਰੋਜ ਛਟੀਵੇ ਵੇ

ਐਸੀ ਪੀੜ ਰਚੇ ਮੇਰੇ ਹੱਡੀਂ
ਹੋ ਜਾ ਝੱਲ – ਵਲੱਲੀ ਵੇ
ਤਾਅ ਕੱਕਰਾ ਚੋ ਭਾਲਣ ਦੀ
ਮੈਨੂੰ ਪੈ ਜਾਏ ਚਾਟ ਅਵੱਲੀ ਵੇ

ਭਾਸਣ ਰਾਤ ਦੀ ਹਿੱਕ ਦੇ ਤਾਰੇ
ਸਿੰਮਦੇ ਸਿੰਮਦੇ ਛਾਲੇ ਵੇ
ਦਿੱਸੇ ਬਦਲੀ ਦੀ ਟੁਕੜੀ
ਜਿਉ ਜ਼ਖਮੋਂ ਪੀਕ ਉਥਲੇ ਵੇ

ਸੱਜਣਾ ਤੇਰੀ ਭਾਲ ‘ਚ ਅੜਿਆ
ਇਉ ਕਰ ਉਮਰ ਵੰਝਾਵਾ ਵੇ
ਜਿਉਂ ਕੋਈ ਵਿਚ ਪਹਾੜਾਂ ਕਿਧਰੇ
ਵੱਗੇ ਕੂਲ ਇਕੱਲੀ ਵੇ

ਮੰਗਾ ਗਲ ਵਿਚ ਪਾ ਕੇ ਬਗਲੀ
ਦਰ ਦਰ ਮੌਤ ਦੀ ਭਿਖਿੱਆ ਵੇ
ਅੱਡੀਆ ਰਗੜ ਮਰਾਂ ਪਰ ਮੈਨੂੰ
ਮਿਲੇ ਨਾ ਮੌਤ ਸਵੱਲੀ ਵੇ

ਘੋਲੀ ਸ਼ਗਨਾ ਦੀ ਮੇਰੀ ਮਹਿੰਦੀ
ਜਾ ਦੂਧੀ ਹੋ ਜਾਏ ਵੇ
ਹਰ ਸੰਗਰਾਂਦ ਮੇਰੇ ਘਰ ਕੋਈ
ਪੀੜ ਪਰਾਹੁਣੀ ਆਏ ਵੇ

ਲੱਪ ਕੁ ਹੰਝੂ ਮੁੱਠ ਕੁ ਪੀੜਾ
ਹੋਵੇ ਪਿਆਰ ਦੀ ਪੂੰਜੀ ਵੇ
ਜਿਉਂ ਜਿਉਂ ਕਰਾ ਉਮਰ ਚੋ ਮਨਫ਼ੀ
ਤਿਉਂ ਤਿਉਂ ਵਧਦੀ ਜਾਏ ਵੇ

ਜਿੰਦਗੀ ਦੀ ਰੋਹੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਿੱਤ ਇਉ
ਵਧਦੀਆ ਉਜਾੜਾਂ ਵੇ
ਜਿਉ ਭੱਖੜੇ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਫੁੱਲ ਪੱਕ ਕੇ
ਸੂਲੇ ਚਾਰ ਬਣਾਏ ਵੇ

ਜਿਊਦੇ ਜੀ ਅਸੀ ਕਦੇ ਨਾ ਮਿਲੀਏ
ਬਾਅਦ ਮੋਇਆ ਪਰ ਸੱਜਣਾ ਵੇ
ਪਿਆਰ ਸਾਡੇ ਦੀ ਕੱਥ ਸੁੱਚੜੀ
ਆਲਮ ਕੁੱਲ ਸਣਾਏ ਵੇ

Thursday, January 28, 2010

SHIV KUMAR BATALVI (1936-1973)-LIFE AND POETRY


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Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
Lesser-known facts about a well-known poet1.Shiv Kumar Batalvi was born in village Lohtian (Pakistan) on October 8, 1937.2. After Partition he migrated to Batala along with his parents.3. His father was a patawri.4. He only studied up to matric.5. He worked as a patawri for a short time when he was young.6. He moved to Chandigarh in 1965.7. His first book on poetry Peeran Da Paraga was published in 1960.8. After coming to Chandigarh he joined the State Bank of India as a librarian.9. He was a heavy drinker. 10. He became famous after the publication of Loona. 11. Alcoholism took his life at a young age on May 6, 1973. Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and PoetrySafir RammahAcademy of the Punjab in North AmericaManu SharmaSarav Bharati Likhari Sabha InternationalVolume 9, Number 2, July-December 2002The life and poetry of Shiv Kumar Batalvi - the most popular modern Punjabi poet and the youngest recipient of Shahitya Academy Award in 1967 - has been the subject of a large number of books and magazine articles, mostly written in Punjabi. Yet, a reliable and coherent study of his life has not come to light. The authors have attempted to put together a broad outline of Shiv’s life through detailed review of relevant published material, by interviewing a number of his contemporaries and family members and by conducting background research on people and places and the social and literary environment that shaped Shiv’s life and poetry. The authors also present an overview of Shiv’s poetry, highlighting its versatility and deep roots in Punjabi literary traditions. The authors have identified the main reason behind the extraordinary popularity of Shiv as his exceptional capability to embody the collective psyche of Punjabis and their traditional cultural identity in his poetry.IntroductionOn the eve of the turbulent decade of 1960’s, a dynamic, exciting and controversial time for the youth around the world, who rose to challenge and redefine the established boundaries of politics, culture, literature and art of their societies, Shiv Kumar Batalvi, a young man of barely 20 years of age, appeared on the scene of Punjabi poetry in East Punjab. By living a brief and intense life that was devoted to writing deeply profound, passionate and enchantingly lyrical poetic expressions of the pathos of his time, and dying young at the age of 36, a fate that he had predicted and romanticized throughout his poetry, he attained the charisma of a modern day saint and a fallen-hero in the eyes of many of his admirers. The sixties was primarily a phenomenon of western societies but its resonance had also touched the literature and art in the third world and had produced new trends in all forms of creative expressions. It was perhaps not a coincidence that Shiv Kumar Batalvi came to age and quickly gained prominence at this crucial juncture when the emerging era of modernity was decisively and permanently replacing the traditional way of writing Punjabi poetry. It was the most opportune time for talented poets to get attention and fame at a young age as the authentic voices of the new times. The real wonder of Shiv Kumar Batalvi’s poetry is not that he mastered the new and innovative ways to express modern poetical sensibilities better than most of his contemporaries, but that he did it by masterfully and artistically combining and fusing them with the spirit of Punjab’s culture and with the age old charm of classical Punjabi poetry and folk songs. He evoked, and still continues to do so, strong emotions among the listeners and readers of his poetry. For a vast majority, he is quintessence of the absolute best that great poetry is supposed to be, while for some his poetry is an un distraction from the true goal of poetry as a tool to identify and expose the fault lines in the society and people’s reaction to them.
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
Shiv Kumar Batalvi’s Life:The VillageShiv was born on July 23, 1936, in a village, Bara Pind Lohtian, located in the northern part of pre-partition Punjab close to the border with the State of Jammu and Kashmir[1]. Bara Pind Lohtian is about thirty miles east of Sialkot and 15 miles west of India-Pakistan border on Zafarwal-Shakargarh road, in district Narowal. Before partition, this area was in district Gurdaspur. Due to the proximity of Jammu and Kahsmir mountains, the weather here is relatively temperate compared to the extreme summer heat of the plains of the Punjab. A number of nalas (small streams) Aik, Daigh, Basantar, Tavi and others pass through the area. The village is located on the bank of Basantar nala. At the time of the partition, the village had approximately 400 houses of Hindu and 100 houses of Muslim families. There was only one Sikh household in the village. Muslims were mostly poor while Hindus were generally affluent. They were landlords, merchants and moneylenders. Their houses were solidly built with small bricks and wood. Doors and windows were elaborately designed. The main doors had engraving of their religious figures. Hindus were the dominant faction in the village. They did not allow the slaughter of cows but other than that people in the village lived together with remarkable religious tolerance and communal harmony. They drank water from the same wells, and Hindu and Muslim children used to play together. The religious and seasonal festivals were the big events of their lives and were celebrated with a lot of funfair. The village life was by and large very peaceful. Disputes were settled by the panchayat (council) of village elders and police never came to the village. No murders or other major crimes are reported in that area during those days.The square of the village was an open space of about half an acre in area with a number of shops around it. Large mango orchards surrounded the village. On a clear day one could see the mountains of Kashmir and at nighttime lights of the city of Samba. An unpaved road passed through the village, coming from Jammu through Samba, Tanda, and Darman up to Amritsar. There used to be a diesel bus service between Samba and Amritsar that passed through the village once a day. The nearest railway station was Shakargarh, about 8 miles away. The village had a primary school for boys, an animal hospital and a small village council. There was no school for girls but a Hindu woman used to teach Hindu girls in a mandir (temple). Hindu women used to cover their faces with veils and usually did not go out of their houses. The land was very fertile and was irrigated through wells. The village was called Lohtian either because the businessmen of the area used to bring loha (iron) from Amritsar for selling, or more likely, because the cast of the Hindu Khatri clan that used to live there was Lohtia. Bara Pind Lohtian during pre-partition days was an ideal place for a sensitive and dreamy Hindu boy to grow up.The ChildhoodShiv belonged to a middle-class family that had lived in that area for many generations. His father, Pandit Krishan Gopal, was the second-born among his three brothers and two sisters[2]. He started his career as a patwari (land recorder and surveyor) and eventually reached the post of Qanoongoh (a mid-level supervisory position in the Revenue Department) and retired as the principal of Patwar School, Batala. Soon after passing the exam of patwar in 1931, Krishan Gopal married a tall and beautiful girl, Shanti Devi, from a nearby village. Shanti Devi was known for her melodious singing voice that Shiv inherited from her. Their first son, Davarka, was born during the second year of their marriage followed by Shiv a couple of years later. By all accounts, Shiv had a happy and carefree childhood. He was known for his peculiar habit of wandering around in the village and its surroundings alone. Many times, his father would have to search for him, finding him lying down under the trees at the banks of Bassantar nala or near a mandir on the south side of the village. At other times he would be found watching with fascination the tricks of snake charmers or absorbed in listening to the singings of raas-daharis (a folk verse-play based on religious songs). Even today, the old folks in the village remember that ‘patwari's son’ was known as a sheedai (obsessed) and a malang (wandering faqir). He was very fond of taking part in Ramlila (a musical verse play staged on the occasion of Hindu holy festival Dussehra for nine consecutive nights based on Ramayan) and other plays during religious festivals, usually in a female role.Shiv studied at the boys’ primary school in the village where he got a scholarship in the 4th grade exam. His father was by then promoted to the position of Girdwar (supervisor of patwaris) and posted at Dera Baba Nanak. Shiv also moved to Dera Baba Nanak with his father, mother and elder brother, Davarka.[3] Next year in August 1947, while Shiv and Davarka were visiting Bara Pind Lohtian during their summer vacations from school, the partition of Punjab was announced. In the middle of the gruesome carnage that swept the Punjab in the wake of partition, Shiv left the village with other close relatives. They travelled through the state of Jammu and Kasmir and after many days arrived at Dera Baba Nanak where Shiv's parents were anxiously waiting for their sons. Shiv's family soon migrated to Batala, across from Bara Pind Lohtian on the other side of the newly carved border. The bloody partition of Punjab shattered Shiv's idyllic childhood and brought the happiest period of his life to an abrupt end.[4]The impressions of this early period provided Shiv's poetry a nostalgic wealth of haunting imagery and metaphors, most of which can be traced back to the scenery and traditional village life of rural Punjab in the area where he grew up. The memories of his childhood stayed fresh in his mind . [Gargi 2000, ‘Kaudian Wala Sapp’ ]. The traumatic disruption of Shiv's childhood caused by the events of partition was perhaps one of the sources of his deep sorrow and melancholy, although Shiv never expressed it directly in his early poetry. Only at the end of his poetic career, he addressed it in his poem Dudh Da Qatal (Murder of Mother’s Milk), as part of a surgical and painful analysis of his inner sufferings, calling the pre-partition combined Punjab as his mother: [5]I still remember it today, and you must remember it tooWhen, together, we murdered our mother.My childhood was killed with the murder of my motherAnd its cold corpse was left behind in your place.Even now, I become quiet when I remember thatAnd lose myself in the thoughts of that half-a-body that was your share.
__________________
ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
The Years of Aimless WanderingsShiv’s family settled down in Batala in Darussalam muhalla (section of a city), now re-named as Prem Nagar.[7] Shiv attended the Salvation Army High School and passed his matriculation examination in first division in 1953. That is about how far he would go as far as formal education was concerned. To the utter disappointment of his father who wanted him to get a good education and start a successful career, he spent the next few years getting in and out of three colleges without getting a degree. He spent two years in the Baring Union Christian College, Batala, in the F.Sc. program but dropped out without sitting in the Board examination. He next joined R. D. College, Nabha, but left it after a few months. He then got admission in S.N. College, Qadian, a small town near Batala, in arts subjects but dropped out again after a couple of years. [Pal 1998][8]. Finally, his father forced him to join the Revenue Department as a patwari.[9] After joining the service, Shiv took little interest in the work and for a while made an arrangement with a retired patwari to take care of his official responsibilities in exchange of one-third of his pay. Even that didn’t last for long and Shiv resigned from his job in 1961. [Kahlon. Int. 2002].It was during the final year of his unsuccessful college career at Qadian in 1957 that Shiv started writing poetry in Punjabi[10]. Among his student friends in the colleges he had attended, he was already very popular as a talented singer and he had developed a large following of fans. [Pal 1998]. Now, instead of singing folk and film songs, he started singing his own poems. He soon got introduced in the literary circles of Batala. Some senior writers of Batala, including Jaswant Singh Rahi, Kartar Singh Balgan and Barkat Ram Yumman, as the saying goes, took him under their wings. Among them, Barkat Ram Yumman played an important role in introducing him to the kavi darbars (poetry recital functions, also called mushairas) outside Batala. [Sharma 1979].The Decade of Shiv’s Poetic MiracleThe next decade, after Shiv left S.N College, was the most prolific period of his poetry writing. It was during this time that he composed most of his masterpiece poetry that he was destined to write during his brief lifetime. Once he discovered his poetic genius, the writing of poetry became his primary passion and overshadowed all other considerations. He practically dedicated his life to writing poetry as the only objective of his life. He extensively studied Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu and English literature.[11] Shiv also developed friendships with a large number of well-known Punjabi writers and started moving in their circle. Between 1960 and 1965, he published his first five collections of poetry. One of the only two other collections that he published later contained poems that were mostly written during this period. He was awarded the coveted Sahitya Academy Award for his verse-drama, Loonan, published in 1965, becoming its youngest ever recipient.By the end of this period, Shiv had become a living legend and most sought after Punjabi poet. The organizers of kavi darbars all over the Punjab had found out that inviting Shiv would guarantee a large audience and success of their functions. They also began to break the longstanding tradition of seniority by inviting Shiv to recite his poetry after some well-established and senior poets knowing well that the audience will not stay around to listen to other poets after him. [Singh 1994]. He was the star attraction of kavi darbars and was famous for his unique and passionate style of singing of his poetry that could spellbind his audience into pin-drop silence. Many who had listened to Shiv’s recitations of his poetry found it as one of the most memorable experiences of their lives.[12] [Duggal & Sekhon 1992].
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
Shiv’s extraordinary hold on his audience has been noted by all of his biographers. A typical example is Balwant Gargi’s description of a kavi darbar that he attended with Shiv:‘This mushaira was organized by Principal O. P. Sharma on a very large scale on the occasion of Guru Nanak’s 500th birthday … As soon as we appeared on the stage, a wave of excitement ran through the audience on seeing Shiv. They d him with a loud round of applause …When he stood up to recite his poetry, a trance-like silence dominated the hall. He read his poem, Safar (a travel) … The vibrations of his enchanting and soft tunes touched the hearts of everyone present. Suddenly he raised the pitch of his voice. He was challenging Nanak. A poet was addressing another poet. He was saying to Guru Nanak: “See how far your nation has travelled after you. Today they have travelled from your name to the sword” … Shiv’s voice was resonating in the hall. He was standing tall and there was a prophet-like grandeur in his voice … when the poem ended … the girls started shouting for him to sing “Kee puchdey o haal faqeeran da (What is the point of asking us faqirs how are we doing?) … Shiv smiled and switching his mood he then sang the poem that he had sung hundreds of time and each time it had won the hearts of his audience … When Shiv left the microphone after reading three poems, no other poet could get the attention of the audience. The spell had broken and people had lost their interest in the kavi darbar.’[13] [Gargi 2000 ‘Haseen Chehre’].Those were also tough times for Shiv. He didn’t like working as a patwari. After resigning from this job, he remained unemployed until 1966. Without much financial support from his father, he had to rely on the occasional fees he received for reading his poems in kavi darbars, and later the meagre royalty he received for his books.[14] His bohemian lifestyle was a constant cause of rift between him and his father. He would stay away from home for long periods of time spending the nights at the homes of his friends. Finally, in 1966 he made an effort to start living a normal life and took a clerical job at the State Bank’s branch in Batala. He married in 1967. His wife, Aruna, was a Brahmin from district Gurdaspur. He had two children, Meharbaan (b. 1968) and Puja (b. 1969). In 1968 he moved to Chandigarh where he continued his employment at the State Bank of India.
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
The Years of Bitterness and DisappointmentShiv had come to Chandigarh with many hopes but after four years when he left this city he was bitter and disappointed. Although his stay in Chandigarh initially brought him more fame, his growing popularity had already given rise to many detracting voices in Punjabi literary circles that became more loud and stronger during his time in Chandigarh. This eventually became quite distressing for him. So much so that he retaliated against the criticism of his poetry in an article published as the preface of Dardmandan Deean Aheen, a selection of his poetry, under the heading ‘Mere Nindak’ (My Critics).Shiv hardly did any work at the State Bank in Chandigarh where he was employed. For a while, he was given the charge of some books lying around in the bank. Shiv simply kept a register on his table and let everyone know that whoever needed a book could make entry in the register and take the book. Similarly, he was also assigned other light duties on different desks, including of public relations. He would go to the bank only once or twice a week. [Bhandari. Int. 2002]. Shiv lived in a house in Sector 21. His favourite place in Chandigarh was the watch shop of Preetam Kanwal Singh, close to a liquor shop in Sector 22. It was a small booth type shop. Shiv would arrive there early in the day and would hold court until evening. He would sometimes lie down behind the counter to get some rest in the afternoon. In the evenings, he could be found at the ‘Writers-Corner’ in the square of Sector 22. [Manhas. Int. 2002]. On the same day that Shiv shifted to Chandigarh, he met some fellow poets, Mohan Bhandari, Bhagwant Singh, Bhushan Dhyanpuri and some others, standing by the railing on the side of the road at 22 Sector. They immediately decided to name this corner ‘Writers Corner’ to celebrate the occasion. A young boy was sent to get a small board painted with the inscription ‘Writers Corner’. They hanged the board there and got it inaugurated by Shiv. It is also called Battian Wala Chowk (the square with traffic lights) of Sector 22-23, since it is just in the first corner of Sector 22 from the main road and Sector 23 begins across the road. This Sector was the main centre of literary activities in Chandigarh. About 25-30 writers were living around in that area and other close by Sectors. Sector 22 was their main meeting place in the evening. [Bhandari. Int. 2002].During the last couple of years of Shiv’s stay in Chandigarh, his health had started declining. He had a few attacks of epilepsy. [Batalvi. Int. 2002]. The harsh criticism of his poetry from some quarters had started taking its toll on his mental and physical health. Until then, Shiv’s social persona had never exhibited some of the deep sorrow reflected in his poetry. He was known as the delight of social gatherings of his friends and admirers where he was always a witty, sharp-minded and very intelligent conversationalist. From serious discussions about literature or recitation of his sad or serious poetry, he would effortlessly turn to telling jokes or other light and entertaining topics. [Kahlon. Int. 2002]. Now, a growing bitterness was often noticed in his demeanour. He started talking more openly about his impeding death. He also started drinking on a regular bases
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
The Trip to EnglandIn May of 1972, Shiv visited England on the invitation of Dr. Gupal Puri and Mrs. Kailash Puri He had been looking forward to his first trip abroad as a relief from the drudgery of his life in Chandigarh. When he arrived in England, his popularity and fame had already reached a high point among the Punjabi community. His arrival was announced in the local Indian papers with headlines and pictures. [Takhar. Int. 2002]. He spent a busy time in England. A number of public functions and private parties were arranged in his honour where he recited his poetry. Dr. Gupal Puri arranged the first large function in Coventry, near London, to Shiv. A large number of his fans and Punjabi poets, including Santokh Singh Santokh, Kuldip Takhar and Tarsem Purewal and many others attended this function. Another large gathering was organized at Rochester (Kent) in his honour. The famous artist S. Sobha Singh was also present who had travelled on his own expense to see Shiv. His engagements in England were regularly reported in the local Indian media and the BBC Television once interviewed him. While Punjabi community got their opportunity to listen to Shiv on various occasions, his stay in London proved to be the last straw for his failing health. He would stay late and continue to drink until 2:00 or 2:30 in the morning at parties or at home engaged in discussions with his hosts and other people who would come to visit him. He would wake up after a short sleep around 4:00 A.M. and begin his day by again taking a couple of sips of Scotch.[16] [Kaur 1998].The Final DaysWhen Shiv returned from England in September 1972, his health had declined visibly. He was now bitterly complaining about the undue criticism of his poetry by the progressive and leftist writers. He openly started talking about his disappointment at the unjustified condemnation of his poetry.[17] [Gargi 2000 ‘Surme Walee Akhah’ ]. Within a couple of months after his return from England, his health started sinking, never to recover again. He was in a dire financial predicament during those days and felt that most of his friends had deserted him in his time of need. His wife, Aruna, somehow managed to get him admitted in a hospital in Section 16 of Chandigarh where he received treatment for a few days. A couple of months later, he was admitted in a hospital in Amritsar, but left it on his own against the advice of his doctors. He didn’t want to die in a hospital and simply walked out of the hospital and went to his family home in Batala. He was later shifted to the village of his in-laws, Kiri Mangial, a small village near the border with Pakistan. Shiv Kumar Batalvi died in Kiri Mangial during the early morning hours of May 6, 1973.[18] [Kahlon. Int. 2002].
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
Shiv Kumar Batalvi’s PoetryPunjabi Poetry Scene Before ShivPoetry has been a part of Punjab’s culture as an important feature of Punjabis’ living experience since at least, and probably long before, the time of the first major Punjabi poet, Baba Farid (1173-1265). During the following centuries, it took many different and distinct forms and besides producing a long line of distinguished poets in the Sufi and Qissa (epic love story) tradition, its oral tradition encompasses a wide variety of popular poetry in its folk songs and verse-dramas on the themes of religious mythology. The classical period of Sufi and Qissa Punjabi poetry came to an end at the turn of the 20th century with Maulvi Ghulam Rasul (1849-1892), Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1841-1901) and Mian Muhamamd Baksh (1830-1904). By then, Punjabi poets had already started adopting modern verse forms. Bhai Vir Singh (1872-1952) was the first Punjabi poet who introduced free verse in Punjabi poetry. During the first half of 20th century, Punjabi poetry went through the process of a complete transformation from traditional to modern with the political, economical and cultural changes that were taking place in India and the rest of the world. The world wars on international front, Marxist/Leninist revolution in Russia and India’s own independence struggle on the national level brought about several changes in the life and outlook of people that were also reflected in Punjabi literature. By the time Shiv Kumar Batalvi started writing poetry in late 50’s, the classical Punjabi poetry period was already long over and post-partition poetry was represented by many emerging progressive and modern trends, dominated by Prof. Mohan Singh (1905-1978), Amrita Pritam (b. 1919) and other stalwarts of modern Punjabi poetry. [Singh 1994].A Brief Survey of Shiv’s PoetryShiv was not just a poet of a few dozen popular poems nor was his poetry limited to a couple of topics. He was a very versatile poet of many different styles and a wide range of subjects. Throughout his brief poetic career, his poetry shows a continuous progression from the early pangs of birha (separation from a loves ones) to increasingly complex emotions and different reactions to his inner sufferings and towards society at large. His sense of his own identity also went through many changes. He travelled a great distance from his first collection of poems Peeran Da Paraga (A Handful of Pains), published in 1960, to his last major work Mein Te Mein (Me and Myself) published in 1970.[19] Following is a brief survey of his published poetry:1. Peeran Da Paraga (A Handful of Pains) (1960): It is Shiv’s first published collection of poetry consisting of 25 poems. It includes poems that he had written between 1957 and 1960 expressing pain and sorrow of separation and his desire for death. It includes some of his early popular poems.2. Lajwanti (The Shy Maid) (1961): Within a single year after the publication of his first collection of poetry, Shiv appeared to have arrived at a level of maturity that was not as prominent in his earlier poetry. This collection has some remarkable poems on many different subjects. In all of his poetry, there are certain subjects that he has touched upon once, writing a memorable poem on it, and then never coming back to the same subject. In this collection, Sheesho, an exceptionally beautiful and comparatively long poem, falls in that category. Shiv’s description of the exploitation of a poor village girl by the rich landowner is remarkable both for its poetic qualities and for Shiv’s heart wrenching pity and compassion about the poor girl’s plight. A long poem, Geet (A song - Uchcian paharan diya ohle ohle soorja – O Sun, hiding behind the high peaks of mountains) is an example of Shiv’s mastery of describing natural scenery:
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
The sun peeks outFrom behind the high mountains,Planting little seedling of light.It crushes the yellow sunshineInto small pieces,To make anklets for the mountaintops!Ankle deep in the windFlow fragrances,The birds fall asleep.Through a clump of green treesA water channel flowsPiping a melody!Seeing the blue lotusIn the mirror like waterThe drooping leaves weep.The wind has tiedTiny anklets around its feet,And stamps her heels as she walks!………….[Translation: Suman Kashyap]A totally different mood from the sadness of some of his other poems, dominates another poem by the tile of Geet (A Song):Where rivulets of perfume flow,There my beloved lives.Where passing breezes halt,There my beloved lives.Where dawn arrives on little bare toes,Where night throws henna-beams on feet.Where fragrance bathes in moonlight,There my beloved lives.…………[Translation: Suman Kashyap].
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
A number of Shiv’s memorable and popular poems are part of this collection.3. Atte Deean Chirian (The Sparrows of Kneaded Flour) (1962): This collection is quite different from the previous two collections, both in matter as well as in its various themes. Shiv experimented with different themes under a dominant mood of sensuous feelings. He also returned back to the topic of birha in Shikra (A Falcon) and couple of other poems. Once again, there are poems in this collection that display his wide versatility of subjects, including various themes that are limited to single poems, i.e., Hijra (Eunuch) and Zakham (A Wound). Shiv also further experimented in some poems by writing them in the prevalent style of expressing post-modern consciousness. Shiv was awarded the first prize from the Language Department of Punjab for this collection.4. Mainu Vida Karo (Bid Me farewell) (1963): This is another collection of songs full of symbols of death and pain of separation that he expressed in different forms, including the bemoaning of a love-torn girl addressed to her father in Dharmee Babula. Once again demonstrating his exceptional talent of interweaving Punjab’s culture in this poems:When the cotton flower blooms,O noble father.Bring that season back for me,O noble father.It was in that season that I lost my song.Separation choked its throat,Sorrow ravaged its face,Like water in ruined wells were its eyes.It was a song that brought to lips,The scent of musk.O noble father.Bring back that song for me.O noble father.One day my song and I,In that enchanted season,Ploughed the earth of my heart,Sowed it with seeds of undefiled dreams.No matter how many tears I poured on it,No flower bloomed.O noble father.Bring back one flower for me,O noble father.What use your fertile landsIf daughters wilt?What use your lakesIf the swans are parched?What use your ample wealthYour granary of pearls,O noble father,If you cannot bring back the season,When the cotton flower blooms.O noble father.[Translation: Suman Kashyap]
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

Re: Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973) – Life and Poetry
5. Loonan (1965): It is an epic-like verse play and is considered by many of Shiv’s critics as his masterpiece and most significant literary achievement. Shiv reworked the theme of Puran Bhagat, a mythical folklore of Punjab about the implications of marrying a young girl with an old man. In the traditional story the young wife is depicted as an evil villain in her relationship with the grown-up son of her husband from his first marriage. Shiv wrote his poem from the perspective of injustice to the young wife. He altogether changed the traditional character of Loonan that is portrayed in the legend as a wicked, lustful and cruel women . He made Loonan a sympathetic character and challenged the male dominated society to reconsider their norms and moral values. Shiv was awarded Sahitiya Academy award for this book in 1967.Loonan stands out among Shiv’s poetic works for a number of reasons. It not only adds a new dimension to the versatility of Shiv’s poetry, it also recasts, to some degree, Shiv’s entire poetry in a new light. In particular, the profound and perceptive empathy of women’s emotions and feelings as victims of social inequity and injustice that Shiv portrayed in Loonan, allows deeper understanding of Shiv’s concept of love and gender-relations in his poetry than the stereotype of women as poet’s self-centred object of desire. Similarly, the masterful use of imagery that sets the tone and atmosphere of each of the eight acts of the verse play, helps to highlight Shiv’s superb poetic techniques of equally expert use of imagery in his other poems.In Loonan, Shiv presents a remarkably incisive and insightful appreciation of women’s sufferings in a patriarchy and exposes its moral values as the tools that force women to sacrifice their individuality to fit in various roles assigned to them. Reading the deliberate politics of the monarchical discourse in the legend, Shiv presents it from women’s point of view. More importantly, Shiv rejects the glorification of patriarchal assignment of women’s role and instead forcefully brings out the individuality of Loonan. ‘Shiv Kumar … views her sexual subjugation and deprivation as a basic injustice to her and cause of her suffering. He vindicates the veracity of her Being by asserting her right to choose and by condemning her deprivation in marriage - through her own voice. In Luna body is not merely a site of sexual desire but her humanity asserted through valuing and articulating the needs of her body and condemning their deprivation in marriage. The play is a strong assertion of woman’s sexuality which has been ignored, abused, repressed or mythologized (as passive) in patriarchy.’ [Singh 2000, 133-134].Shiv used strong sensual imagery to highlight Loonan’s individual feelings. She repeatedly refers herself as “fire,” “fire maiden” or “women-fire”:Why should not fire speaks out friends?… … … …I wish every hearth’s fire to leapAnd break all boundsWith its scorching and burningTear up the pages of oppressionWhy should anybody weigh our fire’s warmthAgainst a handful of rice?… … … …One day this fireShall speak outIts eyes shall deliverInstead of a tearBlood of fi[e]ry rebellionWhich shall burn down the prideOf the fire-eating salamadar, man[Translation: Sekhon 1985]
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ਕੌਣ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਉਮਰ ਭਰ ਦਾ ਸਹਾਰਾ..,ਲੋਕ ਤਾਂ ਅਰਥੀ 'ਚ ਵੀ ਮੋਢਾ ਬਦਲ ਲੈਦੇਂ

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A Transcendental Agony - Shiv KumarBy Dr. C.S.Chan
Shiv Kumar was a born poet who migrated from the poetic region of Sialkot to Batala at the most miserable moment of human history. It was the Independence of the sub-continent in 1947 - the dreadful, painful, horrible, miserable, devastating, slaughtering and marauding phenomenon, which bisected the trouble stricken North India. The pangs of separation are recurrent themes of this great lyricist of the land. He has been hailed as one of the great poets of all times. Nevertheless, being acquainted with some of his poems, receding and bleeding parting songs and prosodic commentary on the nearly dead ROMANTIC tradition of the land of five rivers, Shiv Kumar has fostered the impression of sentimental romance of the bygone era in the contemporary idiom. Spanning from the folk-stage to the film screen, Shiv Kumar has re-established the heroic, romantic and down to earth tradition of transcendental poetry.
It is not generally known, for example, that Shiv Kumar's creativity overflowed with bawdiness, satire, ardent Panjabi odour and recalcitrant revolutionary thoughts that he imbibed in his poetry. His musical presentation has captivated the listeners over a period of revival of chivalrous, sacrificial and utter-devotional aspect of our culture.
I had an opportunity to see Shiv Kumar in the fifties when he sang his first song (the maiden song) 'Piran da Praga' at a kavi darbar in Jalandhar City's company bagh in 1955. I was perhaps the last recorder and listener of Shiv Kumar in England when he wrote down in one of my book - a poem on 'The Sun':-
'Charh Aa! Charh Aa! Charh Aa!cVH Aw ! cVH Aw! cVH Aw [DrqI qy DrqI-Dr Aw [Aj swrw AMbr qyrw [qYnUM rokx vwlw ikhVw?
I have adorned this poem since 1972 and I am proud of reproducing this great lyric written by the author in his own hand.
PIRAN DA PRAGA was prepared as a manuscript. I asked my friend artist Duleep Singh to illustrate this transcendental poem/song. He chose the image of 'Thohar' (cactus) representing Shiv's poetic thought. Although MAIN KANDIALI THOHAR is not the index poem - this maiden collection by it enjoys the recurrent imagery of this whole work.
To my mind the 'Piran da Praga' and 'Charh Aa! Charh Aa!' were the first and last creations of this great gem of Punjabi poetry of the 20th century. I would like to elaborate this theme in the following words.
He listened with rep attention as an old sage. He learned from chat books and broadside ballads. A boyhood visit to a Mela (folk festival) in the 'Majha' broadened his experiences, revealing vistas stretching far beyond the confines of his father's middle class situation. As he approached young manhood, however, his prospects as either a 'Patwari' or a poet, seemed utterly drearier.
Look at his transcendental Ghazal -mYnUM qW myry dosqW myry Zm ny hY mwirAw [My dear mate, I have been killed through my own miserable plight.I have no grudge against the hot-burning sun of the month of June.The cause of my death is the sweet dew of the beautiful month of 'Chet'.
The Sun that rose early in the morning had to meet the sunset in the evening. You blame the West - No the West did not kill the Sun.The assassin is not an enemyIt is true my friend -Shiv has been killed by his own dear friend.
iSv nUM iek Zm qy hI Brosw sIZm qoN korw jvwb lY bYTw [Shiv had full faith in his 'sorrowful plight,'But alas! Now he has received a blank NO from his 'sorrowful plight'
He changed this verse thus:-cMgw huMdw svwl nw krdw,mYnUM qyrw jvwb lY bYTw [It would have been better if I didn't ask any question or favour from you.From you, the embodiment of grief, in the end, I received a reply as a 'No'. Lost I am in your captivating beauty!
Now he began to create his own orbit within the exalted circles of the elite of the Punjab. He met the antiquarians who were interested in the preservation of old 'Baint Style' poetry and he made his happiest contact with the masses of the Punjab through the radio listeners and the stage.
Shiv Kumar Batalvi
Sh iv Kumar was born on July 23, 1936 in Bara Pind Lohtian (Shakargarh tehsil), in Punjab (now Pakistan). His father was a Patwari by the name of Pandit Krishan Gopal. After the partition his family moved to Batala. As a child Shiv is said to have been fascinated by birds and rugged, thorny plants on the Punjabi landscape. Shiv was exposed to the 'ramlila' at an early age, and it is to be expected that he received what was later to become his instinctive understanding of drama from these early performances.
Shiv passed his matriculate exams in 1953, from Punjab University. He went on to enrol in the F.Sc. programme at Baring Union Christian College in Batala. Before completing his degree he moved to S.N. College, Qadian into their Arts program. It is here that he began to sing ghazals and songs for his classmates. Shiv never gave the final exams he needed to pass to receive his degree. Around this period, he met a girl named Maina at a fair in Baijnath. When he went back to look for her in her hometown, he heard the news of her death and wrote his elegy 'Maina'. This episode was to prefigure numerous other partings that would serve as material to distil into poems. Perhaps the most celebrated such episode is his fascination for Gurbaksh Singh's daughter who left for the US and married someone else. When he heard of the birth of her first child, Shiv wrote 'Main ek shikra yaar banaya', perhaps his most famous love poem. It's said that when she had her second child, someone asked Shiv whether he would write another poem. Shiv replied 'Have I become responsible for her? Am I to write a poem on her every time she gives birth to a child?' Sounds much better in Punjabi (main oda theka leya hoyaa? Oho bacche banayi jave te main ode te kavita likhda rehma?). In 1965 Shiv won the Sahitya Akademi award for his verse-drama Loona. He married on Feb 5, 1967
.
Shiv with his wife Aruna
His wife Aruna was a Brahmin from Kir Mangyal in district Gurdaspur. By all accounts Shiv had a happy marriage. He had two children, Meharbaan (b. Apr. 12, 1968) and Puja (b. Sep. 23, 1969) whom he loved immensely. By 1968 he had moved to Chandigarh, but both Batala and Chandigarh became soulless in his eyes. Chandigarh brought him fame, but scathing criticism as well, Shiv replied with an article titled 'My hostile critics'. Meanwhile his epilepsy got worse and he had a serious attack while at a store in Chandigarh's section 22. In the early 70's Shiv came to Bombay for a literary conference. In keeping with Shiv's outrageous behaviour there is a story about his trip to Bombay as well. Part of the conference involved readings at Shanmukhananda hall. After a few people had read their work (one of whom was Meena Kumari), Shiv got on the stage and began "Almost everyone today has begun to consider themselves a poet, each and every person off the streets is writing ghazals". By the time he'd finished with his diatribe, there was not a sound in the hall. This is when he began to read 'Ek kuri jeeda naam mohabbat. gum hai, gum hai...'. There wasn't a sound when he finished either. Shiv has been called a Bohemian. There were complaints about his drinking and some suggestions that his 'friends' had him drink so he would exhibit his outrageous self. Shiv Kumar died in the 36th year of his life on May 7, 1973 in his father-in-law's house at Kir Mangyal near Pathankot.
SHIV - AN INTRODUCTION
GOPAL PURI LiverpoolShiv as the traditional poetical phenomenon was born out of the literary conjugation (Kalmi sanjog) of Amrita Pritam and Mohan Singh, to whom he appropriately dedicated his most important creation 'Briha too Sultan'. Both Amrita and Mohan had personally suffered in their respective love lives on account of circumstances beyond their control. In their romanticism therefore, a personal tinge of desperation was in-evitable. Punjabi character is far more emotional, both in happiness as well as sadness, than all other peoples' of the Indian subcontinent. To succeed as a poet, therefore, one must succeed in making people cry as well as bursting into hilarious laughter with the flow of the lines. In contradiction to Amrita and Mohan, Shiv therefore, developed the most superb art of recitation. He will be long remembered, like Heer Warris Shah, for this emotional rendering of whatever he wrote. I was deeply impressed by his exposition of this vivid magic in the very first Kavita that he gave at our house - 'Ki puchde ho hal fakiran da'. This ren-dering has the touch of Sehgal's voice - '])ukhh ke Aab din bitad nahin' Shiv like Sehgal had the inborn gift of soul-touching expression. He needed words and lines and in this he had the help of his creators more than anyone else past or present. I feel that in her enthusiasm to present her 'poetic-child' to the world Amrita herself became too emotional in giving an unnecessary notoriety to Shiv as a heart-throwing lover (dil-pheank ashiq.). Any healthy child experiences love-stings like Shiv and dreams love dreams like he did, but every child cannot be a poet. In the lines that are attributed to this side of Shiv's creation there is the show of an irksome mockery. Every effort had been made to present him as a love-torn lover; as a half living, babbling corpse of love's treachery. True to his creators he was expounding all his life a love-lost theme, which was not, his own but was someone else's. He was never allowed to grow up beyond this slippery, muddy stage of deception with alcohol and tob5cco in his body and love-potions in his mind.
But Shiv violently protested against this utter subjugation. In his 'Main to Main' he says:-
'O mere sirjkoTan de trashanhar butkaroTuhadi wansh wich hun bal nahin1k swal jamna siJida uttar wi moran tonTusan sabna sen sangna siTe jad men oodri thup nenMere jungle choun langna siTaan bhuldi sabiyata menShaher de moran to khangna si
He had tried to find himself in his own self. Similar effort has been made again and again in 'Loona'. I feel sure that as time passes on people will try to find out more of the philosophy of his life butt at the occasion of the first national meeting that is being held in London to remember Shiv.
I wish to add my own appreciation of the man who came in our life only for a few brief moments. I had not heard of him in India and met him for the first time when I went to receive him at Heathrow. I was not aware of his poetry either.During all his stay in England I had never found him sober, but he was wonderful to his onlookers, a joke to his critics, and an enigma to himself. What I have written so far is the expression of a mixture of feelings that Shiv generated. But he had something really unique in him which would have him a place of pride among poets of the Punjab. He will be remembered long after his contemporaries would be forgotten for having brought to the Punjabi Kavita a true expression of the Punjabi cultural panorama.
Although he has written on a variety of themes, the main theme in Shiv's Poetry is Chet, Chandni, Joban rutan, Bhalke - nah - rehna. He writes
Phul di mahek marePar agg di mahek na mardi.
A flower does not die only its odour disappears
That is why he wished after death to become first a star and then a second choice a flower to pervade on the earth and sky, be here day or night. A shining star gives its odour in its twinkling - the fire of love. Shiv was himself a fiery person. His laughter was tinged with fire of inner grief and showed a perpetual depression - a fiery depression. He was depressed, is no doubt.
''Main niki umren sara dard banda baethaeadi joban rat lahi dard kenwars hor deo'
In the parts of the Siwaliks there grow wild trees of har sangar (cyctanthes- arbor - tristis). The whole tree flowers around the early hours of the morning and fully grown white - dreamy - tinged with orange flowers fall down almost in rain before daybreak. It is a wonder-ful sight to see this spread of flowers, a massacre of youthful beauty. These are picked up, wovwn into garlands and tied around hair knots by young village lassies. Bushes of chamba and chambeli have also fully grown white creamy flowers that fall in the same way, but not so spectacularly. Chambe-di-kali flower buds are more commonly attributed to chamba. I am sure Shiv as a child must have been impressed by this dramatic death of the full grown youthful flowers, dying at the height of life. This became Shiv's ideal -
'Chambe da phul sajra naio tur paina'
He grieved to see the death of a Chamba flower -Aj ik chambe da phul moeaGal paona de pa ke bahinGora chetar chham chham roea'Asaan te joban ruten marnaMur jana asan bhare bharaeHijer tere di kar prikarma.
These lines are a superb poetry as an example of delicate sensitivity in expression. He filled sadness in the refreshing dew on the fallen flowers - as chham chham roaa and confirmed his faith in the transmigration of the soul.He was truly a poet of nature-flower-soil-death and life, threading these into a garland of laughing sadness. 'Pa tandan de thaknanKis lei katnaOah nah aapnaTan asan kis lai katna hor ji'He wanted to go -'Ni jinde main kal nahin rehna' Asan kis khatar hun jina Is miti kise chuman da phulKade nah ditha khiria'
He was a lover of colour and beauty but with these he wanted purity integrity and respectability. He complained of 'Widwa rut' Widwa joban
Whatever personal and impersonal emotion Shiv experienced he spread these to the outside nature. His outer and inner nature became one many a time, and one waited for the other for the union.'Marua khirna babul Ji,Jad chetar mur aawe'
In every aspect of nature he found an image of death - a phenomena which was unique in Shiv. He said -
'Main chaonda haan aaj da gora dinAanaei maot na mar jae'
No other poet before him, to my knowledge, was so much glamorised by the phenomenon of death as Shiv was. As Shiv was, death truly is a gift that is given to a man at birth and that is not an end, but is a milestone on the journey from beyond to beyond. I see Shiv walking on this path.'Raat chanani main turan'
He will continue to walk and we will continue to see him shining as a star at nightfall and touch him, smell him, enjoy him as a flower, like the chambe da phul 'he will be seen again and again dying on the morning after morning. To him death seems more real then life. No one sees the flower coming into life, but what we see is only the death of the living. But death also is not the end.
'Nahen sade tan koi rog awalraNahan sadi oomsr aakhiri Babul jiAasan mukh da surajDubde tak mur aonnaHe will come back again on the horizon before sunset to live through the night.
I am waiting for that moment when Shiv, like Lord Shiv Ji will recreate himself out of the pieces and bits that he has left for all of us in the form of his poetry - the immortal images of his mortal frame.
'Zindgi us ke liye ik maut thiWho pa gaya hai zindagi dar asal mar jane ke baad.'
Two Great Artists - Shiv with S. Sobha Singh
We are proud to present two articles by renowned authors who have excelled in the art of writing, namely Sant Singh Sekhon and Kartar Singh Duggal. These articles are from their book 'A History of Punjabi Literature'. Their frank assessment of Shiv is given hereunder:-
Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1936-1973)
Born in a village in the Shakargarh tehsil of the district of Sialkot (now in Pakistan), Shiv Kumar Batalvi was brought up in Batala where his father was an official (Kanungo) in the revenue department. After passing the matriculation examination, he joined the Baring Union Christian College at Batala and then Khalsa College, Kadian. But he left the second college also after about a year and joined a school at Baijnath in Kangra district for a preliminary course of engineering. There he fell in love with a girl Meena. Meena died of typhoid fever and like Mohan Singh, Shiv Kumar became a victim of unending bereavement. But whereas Mohan Singh was able to outgrow his sorrow, Shiv Kumar kept it alive in his breast until his death.At his father's insistence he passed a course of land and revenue accounts and actually joined service as a Patwari. Shiv Kumar seems to have acquired an intimate knowledge of the rural scene in a rather isolated corner of Punjab, through his brief experience as a Patwari but it is his Brahmanical culture that links his poetry to the urban Hindu ritual and its picturesque catholicity.His first collection of poems was published in 1960 under the tide Piran da paraga (The Scarf of Sorrows). Shiv Kumar's repeated disappointment in love is poignantly reflected in these poems.
The tone is one of bereavement and despair. The most relished poem in the collection is "Kandiali Thohar" (Thorny Cactus); Kumar compares himself to this plant which grows in the wilderness and on which no human care is bestowed. In this collection as in all his subsequent work, Shiv Kumar takes sorrow to its last limit.The next collection of poems followed in 1961 with the title 'Lajwanti' (Touch Me Not). In these poems the poet starts from his own experience to an objective realisation of the human situation. It has been called a pleasant combination of tradition and experimentation. In this collection, "Garbhavati" (A Pregnant Woman) is one of Shiv Kumar's great poems.The next collection came in 1962 with the title Atte dian chirian (The Sparrows of flour). In these poems, the poet's vision pierces the colourful curtain of romance to the stark reality of life and gives an indication of his deeper acquaintance with human grief and sorrow.
Mainu Vida Karo (Bid Me Farewell) came in 1963. In these poems the poet's lyrical power is at its height and equally pronounced are his intimations of death. It is in this collection that these immortal lines occur:
I am going to die in the season of youth,I am going to depart without emptying my contents,After completing a cycle of separation from you.
In 1965 was published Shiv Kumar's masterpiece, a dramatic poem, "Luna". In this poem Shiv Kumar has taken up the legend of Puran Bhakta which has been called an expression of a significant aspect of the Punjabi psyche. It is the story of Puran, son of Raja Salvahan, resisting the solicitations of his youthful stepmother Luna, who perverts the truth into a big lie and accuses the innocent Puran of having attempted to outrage her modesty. Shiv Kumar changes the legend to an extent, by justifying the youthful Luna's solicitation of her stepson, because she has been married against her will to the old Raja Salvahan. So beautifully has Shiv Kumar advocated Luna's case that beside the iniquity of an unequal marriage, Puran's dutiful rejection of Luna's advances appears as a cruel, ascetically insensibility. The poet has woven the tapestry of Puran's rejection in such a way, that it remains inexplicit till the end, whether the rejection is being presented as a compulsion of Puran's role as an ascetic, or as a rejection of beauty and youth by a cruelly motivated social order.Main Te Main (I and I) published in 1970 is a long poem of seventy-five pages, which is unique in modern Punjabi poetry in both its conception and execution. In the introduction the poet himself writes, "The legend in this poem is not mine, nor is its truth my truth...whatever is mine in the truth of this legend is the truth of my being not of my person. Its psychological background is only a phenomenon of the intellectual and moral scepticism of the present generation. The truth of the hero of this poem is a protest against the false and hollow moral values of today. It is the revolt of modern man's disintegrated personality against the death of his true being." The narrator describes his birth as the result of his mother's sexual hunger even when she is an unmarried woman. This hunger is, according to the poet' sunk deep in the being of every woman, who is basically an unmarried mother. What the poet actually means by this formulation is not quite clear, except on the understanding of the poet's own experience of the basic unmorlity of woman's desire for man as her ravisher and her son as the culmination of her innermost sexual urge.Another collection of poems was published in 1971 under the tide Arti (Prayer). The poems included in it were written between the years 1963 and 1965. Thus they are chronologically later than both Luna. and Main Te Main.
Alvida (Farewell) was published posthumously in 1974 by the Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. It contains poems not published before, and these voice more progressive and revolutionary sentiments than Shiv Kumar's earlier poems. (Sant Singh Sekhon)
Shiv Kumar's poetry is marked be the 'death-wish'.No one may sing this song of mineI alone will sing itI'll sing my songAnd take my leave tomorrowNo one may sing this song of mineI alone will sing itShiv Batalvi recited this poem in a 'Kavidarbar' in 1963: The entire audience was spellbound. A slim, tender, handsome youth, still in his twenties was enchanting the audience with the agony of his melody, a lock of his hair playing on his forehead that he tried to push back with his smoke-stained fingers. He closed his poem with these lines:When I and my songAre no more tomorrow,The lovelorn will comeLooking for us in the graveyard.And all of themWith one voice would say,"Very few are destinedTo die like this."
There was hardly an eye that had remained dry in the audience.It seems Shiv not only cherished the death-wish, he found fulfilment in it. It was no sentimentality, he longed for it from the heart of his hearts and he wanted to die young, in the prime of his youth.
I must die at the peak of my youth.I must return in full bloom.Having suffered pangs 6f from you separationI must die at the peak of my youth.He who dies at the peak of his youthIs turned into either a flower or a star.It's only lovers who die youngOr those who are born lucky.
The more he sang about it, the more the idea gripped him. His life was full of deep wounds. His mother died, his father died, he fell in love with Meena; she was also snatched away by the cruel hand of death. He met another girl who looked like Meena. She jilted him and went abroad. A mere Patwari, he resigned his petty job in disgust. A sensitive youth who could not study beyond matriculation, he threw himself at the mercy of the cruel world; buffeted by circumstances, his soul was bruised. Is it not a lacerated heart that sings thus?
My mother died when I was a sucklingMy father when I was a baby.My sweetheart died when I was youngMy song died unsung.I beg of you, my Lord,Don't hold me up any more.Let me go. .Give me a warm tear
And bless me with pangs of separation Let me go.
Then came a stage when he rejected himself. Such a mood in a perceptive youth, with dreamy eyes and love-songs on his lips, can be disastrous. And a disaster it was. Shiv started chain-smoking, drinking heavily and trying all sorts of odd drugs. He plunged himself headlong into the misery of disillusionment. His contemporaries, not even half as talented, were flourishing and he was left on the streets to live in the backwaters of Batala. His starving young wife and under-nourished children added to his agony. Shiv felt he had already outlived his days:
My love!What for should I live?The soiled flesh of my faceWho will kiss or adore?My love!What for should I live?
Shiv Kumar's Luna remains his masterpiece and deserves a little more elaborate notice.The poet has identified himself with Luna. In Luna he portrays the tragedy of the helplessness of the Indian woman who has remained at the mercy of her men folk; maybe he is a father or a husband or a son. No more would she be the helpless witness of injustice inflicted on her. She is determined to revolt If Salwan the king, who is as old as Luna's father, can marry her, a teenager, why on earth cannot she fall in love with Puran who is of her own age? What if he is her stepson? Says Luna:
When a father shares his daughter's youthAnd no one is outragedWhy should the people's tongueWag at herWhen Luna falls in love with Puran?
Luna is no more the quiet, submissive, self-effacing Hindu woman. She resists her marriage to a man many times her age against her wishes. She rejects his high caste, his wealth, his status and his palaces. She would rather be happy with a young man of her own age, no matter if he is not well to do:I am an untouchableGive me an untouchable husband,Take away these flowersAnd give me a handful of thorns.Snatch away the mansionsAnd give me a humble hutI am the brick of a wallRestore me to my place.
But it was the man's world in which tuna saw the light of day. No protest avails her. No arguments. No reasoning. Her friend counsels her:
Some fitAnd some do not fitWe are the footwear of the menfolk.
And she is married against her wishes to a man who has a son as old as Luna. "I am only a kiss older than him" says Luna. She cannot persuade herself to be his mother. Moreover, his mother was still living, a gentle, pious lady who had been callously passed over. Luna refused to take her place. She would rather have Puran as her lover than as her son. But it is no easy decision. It is a revolt against her times. It is, perhaps, a revolt against nature. It is, indeed, a difficult decision. Luna is miserable. She suffers the pangs of conscience:
Every hourThe serpent of fiery momentsDances in the inner cells of my soulAnd the demon of fear haunts me.I sit and spin the wheel of time,I spin the rays of the sun,
And wind them into a ropeAnd I hang this ropeFrom the roof of my yearsAnd every day I dieWith this multicoloured noose around my neckAnd yet I die not.
It. was certainly no easy decision for Luna to take, falling in love with one whom society gave her as her son. But she took decision. It was frightfully bold of her. She had to through fire.How she suffered! At one stage, it appears, it was no more an emotional involvement, it was a cold, calculated decision, a premeditated strategy, as it were:
I have smeared his pietyWith ugly charges,These charges, in due course,Will blossom into flowersWhich will bloom for years and years.On this earthWhen people will assemble anywhereWhen people will sit anywhereThey will talk about PuranThe unblemished one.
And it seems there is a lot of truth in it Luna is not deceiving herself. She might have filled in seducing Puran, but she eventually, succeeded in winning him over to her point of view. He starts sympathising with her. In this lies Luna's victory. Puran is prepared to die, so that no Luna is ever exploited. It appears to be a sort of vicarious suffering:
Slice away my limbsSo that no SaIwahan, in future,No father, in futureMay share the youth of his daughter.So that everyoneMarries in his own age group,So that never again a LunaLongs for a man other than her husband,And never again the youth of a Luna Is wasted away.
Puran goes a step further. He condones Luna completely. He rationalises her actions and viewing the entire tragedy from a higher level confirms:
There is no sinner hereNor is there any saint;It is the helplessness of circumstancesThis helplessness is named sin.
It is exactly at this spiritual level where Luna also finds herself in the end:From today, for LunaThere is no good, no evilNor day nor nightEvery right is perhaps wrongEvery wrong is perhaps right.
It is at this stage that Shiv passed away.(Kartar Singh Duggal)
I met Shiv Kumar a number of times during his stay in Britain and I was more than sorry to learn of his death. My sympathies and best wishes go out to his widow and his children. I shall remember his friendliness and his eagerness to learn as much as he could about the state of poetry in Britain. But I shall never forget his performances. I have seen many hundreds of poets perform but I don't think that I have ever witnessed such displays of intensity and passion. I knew I was close to a genius.---Spencer Leigh
THE END OR BEGINNING OF SHIV?
MENU
ijQy ieqrW dy vgdy ny co nIauQy myrw Xwr vsdwijQoN lMGdIAW pOx vI KlonI auQy myrw Xwr vsdw [
My Love Lives There
My love lives there whereThe streams of scent flowNo matter what seasonThere is a continuos fall of snow.
Morns creep into this regionBare-footed and make no soundThe nights adore their feetWith the henna of sweet rays.The fragrance bathes in the moonlightThat's where my love resides.
I have no idea as toHow long I have to liveIn this agonising separationI might gulp down a droughtOf my love in my dream
Oh, No! I have turned intoA mad lover-forgive meMy Lord, I won't commit such a sin any more.
From His Ghazalgoi
I long to die young,There is an abode for youth after deathTo conceal my agonyUnder the garb ofSweet and serene lyricsSorrowful and miserable verses.I have been engaged inLighting the lamps of existence Feeding it with my tears and tormentsI have eaten nine and quarter
Shiv in his inimitable mood recites 'Assan ta joban rutey marna' at a gathering in Coventry U.K. Mrs. Kailashpuri his host is seen next to him
Thousand of suns and moons -Over the thirty years of my beingI shared my happy and joyful momentsWith the milieu unhesitatinglyBut no one has shared mySad plight and pangs of separationMy dark days of gloom are growingMaking my mournful nights unbearableO dear! Don't blame the death - the sublimeIt is the birth that imbibed death in itselfIt is midday sunshine but my shadows are extending (isKr dupihry myrw qW hY Fl cilAw pRCwvW)Graves are eagerly awaiting for you as theLoveful mums await their sons to come home (kbrW aufIkdIAW jIauN puqrW nUM mwvW)

ENCYELOPAEDIA OF SIKHISM

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LEARN PUNJABI LANGUAGE ON LINE

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PUNJABI LANGUAGE

Punjabi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, پنجابی, पंजाबी, Pañjābī
The word "Punjabi" in Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi.

Spoken in
India and Pakistan. Minor populations in United Kingdom, Canada, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United States
Region
Punjab
Total speakers
88,000,000 (Ethnologue 2005 estimate)[1]57,129,000 (Encarta)[2]Western Punjabi: 61–62 million, Eastern Punjabi 28 million (2000 WCD)
Ranking
11
Language family
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan
Punjabi
Writing system
Gurmukhi in Punjab (India) and Sikh diasporaShahmukhi in Punjab (Pakistan)Devana
Official status
Official language in
Regulated by
No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1
pa
ISO 639-2
pan
ISO 639-3
variously:pan – Punjabi (Eastern)pnbPunjabi (Western)pmu – Punjabi (Mirpuri)

Distribution of native Punjabi speakers in India and Pakistan

This page contains Indic text. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...
Punjabi or Panjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script, پنجابی in Shahmukhi script, पंजाबी in Devanagari script, Pañjābī in transliteration) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region (in Pakistan and north western India).
According to the Ethnologue 2005 estimate[1], there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it approximately the 13th most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan[4], there are 76,335,300 native speakers of (Various Dialects) Punjabi in Pakistan and according to the Census of India, there are 29,102,477 (Eastern Dialects) Punjabi speakers in India[5].
Punjabi language has many different dialects, spoken in the different sub-regions of greater Punjab. The Majhi dialect is Punjabi's prestige dialect, and is spoken in the historical region of Majha,[6] which spans East-central districts of Pakistani Punjab and the Indian State of Punjab.
Along with Lahnda and Western Pahari languages, Punjabi is unusual among modern Indo-European languages in being a tonal language.[7][8][9][10]
The Language Punjabi today generally refers to "Eastern Punjabi" based on the Majhi, Malwi and Doabi dialects spoken in East Punjab and surrounding areas of Lahore in West Punjab.
Contents[hide]
1 History
1.1 Association with the Sikhs
1.2 Modern Punjabi
2 Geographic distribution
2.1 Pakistan
2.2 India
3 The Punjabi Diaspora
3.1 List in order of native speakers
4 Dialects: linguistic classification
4.1 Major Punjabi dialects
4.2 The "Lahnda" construct
4.3 Classification by Ethnologue
4.4 Examples
5 Phonology
6 Grammar
7 Writing system
8 Punjabi in modern culture
9 Dictionaries
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History
Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language like many other modern languages of South Asia. It is a descendant of Sauraseni Prakrit, which was the chief language of medieval northern India[11][12][13].
Punjabi emerged as an independent language in the 11th century from the Sauraseni Apabhramsa.[14] The literary tradition in Punjabi started with Fariduddin Ganjshakar (Baba Farid) (1173-1266), many ancient Sufi mystics and later Guru Nanak Dev ji, the first Guru of Sikhism. The early Punjabi literature was principally spiritual in nature and has had a very rich oral tradition. The poetry written by Sufi saints has been the folklore of the Punjab and is still sung with great love in any part of Punjab.
Between 1600 and 1850, Muslim Sufi, Sikh and Hindu writers composed many works in Punjabi. The most famous Punjabi Sufi poet was Baba Bulleh Shah (1680 – 1757), wrote in the Kafi style. Bulleh Shah practiced the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like Shah Hussain (1538 – 1599), Sultan Bahu (1629 – 1691), and Shah Sharaf (1640 – 1724). His lifespan also overlapped with the legendary Punjabi poet Waris Shah (1722 – 1798), of Heer Ranjha fame. Waris Shah's rendition of the tragic love story of Heer Ranjha is among the most popular medieval Punjabi works. Other popular tragic love stories are Sohni Mahiwal, Mirza Sahiba and Sassi Punnun. Shah Mohammad's Jangnama is another fine piece of poetry that gives an eyewitness account of the First Anglo-Sikh War that took place after the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
The linguist George Abraham Grierson in his multivolume Linguistic Survey of India (1904-1928) used the word "Punjabi" to refer to several languages spoken in the Punjab region: the term "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 pnb) covered dialects (now designated separate languages) spoken to the west of Montgomery and Gujranwala districts, while "Eastern Punjabi" referred to what is now simply called Punjabi (ISO 639-3 pan)[15] After Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko (earlier categorized as "Western Punjabi") got the status of separate languages, the percentage of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan decreased from 59% to 44%.
Association with the Sikhs
Punjabi is not the predominant language of the Sikh scriptures (which are written in several dialects, though in Gurmukhi script).[16] A few portions of Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi dialects, but the book is interspersed with several other languages including Brajbhasha, Khariboli), Sanskrit and Persian.[17] Guru Gobind Singh, the last Guru of the Sikhs composed Chandi di Var in Punjabi, although most of his works are composed in other languages like Braj bhasha and Persian.
However, in the 20th century, the Punjabi-speaking Sikhs started attaching importance to the Punjabi written in the Gurmukhi script as a symbol of their distinct identity.[16] The Punjabi identity was affected by the communal sentiments in the 20th century. Bhai Vir Singh, a major figure in the movement for the revival of Punjabi literary tradition, started insisting that the Punjabi language was the exclusive preserve of the Sikhs.[18] After the partition of India, the Punjab region was divided between Pakistan and India. Although the Punjab people formed the biggest linguistic group in Pakistan, Urdu was declared the national language of Pakistan, and Punjabi did not get any official status. The Indian Punjab, which then also included what are now Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, became Hindi-majority.
In the 1960s, the Shiromani Akali Dal proposed "Punjabi Suba", a state for Punjabi speakers in India. Paul R. Brass, the Professor Emeritus of Political Science and South Asian Studies at the University of Washington, opines that the Sikh leader Fateh Singh tactically stressed the linguistic basis of the demand, while downplaying the religious basis for the demand—a state where the distinct Sikh identity could be preserved.[16] The movement for a Punjabi Suba led to trifurcation of Indian Punjab into three states: Punjab (India), Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.
Modern Punjabi

Punjabi is native to the Punjab region of South Asia
In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 languages with official status in India. It is the first official language of Punjab (India) and Union Territory State Chandigarh and the 2nd official language of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi. In Pakistan, Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab (Pakistan) the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan.
The famous Punjabi writers from Pakistan include:
Shareef Kunjahi
Mir Tanha Yousafi
Sanawar Chadhar
Alam Lohar
Abid Tamimi
Anwar Masood
Aatish
Shaista Nuzhat
Raja Muhammed Ahmed
The famous Indian Punjabi poets in modern times are:
Prof. Mohan Singh
Amrita Pritam
Balwant Gargi
Shiv Kumar Batalvi
Surjit Paatar
[edit] Geographic distribution
[edit] Pakistan

Administrative Divisions of Punjab Pakistan.
See also: Languages of Pakistan
Punjabi is the most spoken language of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as first language by over 44.15% of Pakistanis. Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in the country. Punjabis are dominant in key institutions such as business, agriculture, industry, government, army, navy, air force, and police which is why about 70% of Pakistanis can understand or speak Punjabi.
The Punjabis found in Pakistan are composed of various social groups, castes and economic groups. Muslim Rajputs, Jat, Dogars, Gujjars, Gakhars, Khatri or Punjabi Shaikhs, Kambohs, and Arains, comprise the main tribes in the north, while Awans, Gilanis, Gardezis, Syeds and Quraishis are found in the south. There are Pashtun tribes like the Niazis and the lodhis, which are very much integrated into Punjabi village life. People in major urban areas have diverse origins, with many post-Islamic settlers tracing their origin to Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey, Arabia and Central Asia.[19]
Census History of Punjabi Speakers in Pakistan
Year
Population of Pakistan
Percentage
Punjabi Speakers
1951
33,740,167
67.08%
22,632,905
1961
42,880,378
66.39%
28,468,282
1972
65,309,340
66.11%
43,176,004
1981
84,253,644
48.17%
40,584,980
1998
132,352,279
44.15%
58,433,431
Source: [20] In the National Census of Pakistan (1981) Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko (Before categorized as "Western Punjabi") got the status of separate languages thats why number of Punjabi speakers got decreased.
Provinces of Pakistan by Punjabi speakers (2008)
Rank
Division
Punjabi speakers
Percentage

Pakistan
76,335,300
44.15%
1
Punjab
70,671,704
75.23%
2
Sindh
3,592,261
6.99%
3
Islamabad Capital Territory
1,343,625
71.66%
4
North-West Frontier Province
396,085
0.97%
5
Balochistan
318,745
2.52%
6
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
12,880
0.23%
[edit] India

Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters
See also: States of India by Punjabi speakers
Punjabi is spoken as a native language by over 2.85% of Indians. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and the shared state capital Chandigarh. It is one of the official languages of the state of Delhi and the second language of Haryana.
The Punjabis found in India are composed of various ethnic groups, tribal groups, social groups (caste) and economic groups. Some major sub-groups of Punjabis in India include Ahirs, Arora, Bania, Bhatia, Brahmin, Gujjar, Kalals/Ahluwalias, Kambojs, Khatris, Lobanas, Jats, Rajputs, Saini, Sood and Tarkhan. Most of these groups can be further sub-divided into clans and family groups.
Most of East Punjab's Muslims (in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh) left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in Malerkotla, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six (mostly Sikh) states were: Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Faridkot, Kapurthala and Kalsia.
Census History of Punjabi Speakers In India
Year
Population of India
Punjabi Speakers in India
Percentage
1971
548,159,652
14,108,443
2.57%
1981
665,287,849
19,611,199
2.95%
1991
838,583,988
23,378,744
2.79%
2001
1,028,610,328
29,102,477
2.83%
The Punjabi Diaspora
Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language[21]) and Canada, where in recent times Punjabi has grown fast and has now become the fourth most spoken language.[22].
List in order of native speakers
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Rank
Country
First language
1
Pakistan
76,335,300
2
Republic of India
29,109,672
3
United Kingdom
2,300,000
4
Canada
1,100,000
5
United Arab Emirates
720,000
6
United States
640,000
7
Saudi Arabia
620,000
8
Hong Kong
260,000
9
Malaysia
185,000
10
South Africa
140,000
11
Myanmar
120,000
12
France
90,000
13
Italy
80,000
14
Thailand
75,000
15
Japan
75,000
16
Mauritius
70,000
17
Singapore
70,000
18
Oman
68,000
19
Libya
65,000
20
Bahrain
60,000
21
Kenya
55,000
22
Australia
50,000
23
Tanzania
45,000
24
Kuwait
40,000
25
Germany
35,000
Dialects: linguistic classification
In Indo-Aryan dialectology generally, the presence of transitional dialects creates problems in assigning some dialects to one or another "language".[23][24] However, over the last century there has usually been little disagreement when it comes to defining the core region of the Punjabi language. In modern India, the states are largely designed to encompass the territories of major languages with an established written standard. Thus Indian Punjab is the Punjabi language state (in fact, the neighboring state of Haryana, which was part of Punjab state in 1947, was split off from it because it is a Hindi speaking region). Some of its major urban centers are Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, and Patiala. In Pakistan, the Punjabi speaking territory spans the east-central districts of Punjab Province. Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faislabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Sialkot, Jhelum and Gujrat. Lahore the historic capital of Punjab is the largest Punjabi speaking city in the world. Lahore has 86% native Punjabis of total population of the city. and Islamabad the Capital of Pakistan has 71% Native Punjabis of total population.
Major Punjabi dialects
Majhi
The Majhi dialect is Punjabi's prestige dialect and spoken in the heart of Punjab where most of the Punjabi population lives. The Majhi dialect, the dialect of the historical region of Majha,[6] which spans the Lahore, Sheikhupura, Kasur, Okara, Gujranwala, Wazirabad, Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat and to some extant in Jhelum District of Pakistani Punjab and Amritsar, Tarn Taran Sahib, and Gurdaspur Districts of the Indian State of Punjab.
Pothowari
This dialect is spoken in north Pakistani Punjab. mainly The area where Pothowari is spoken extends in the north from Muzaffarabad to as far south as Jhelum, Gujar Khan, Chakwal and Rawalpindi. [phr] 49,440 (2000 WCD). Murree Hills north of Rawalpindi, and east to Bhimber. Poonchi is east of Rawalakot. Potwari is in the plains around Rawalpindi. Alternate names: Potwari, Pothohari, Potohari, Chibhali, Dhundi-Kairali. Dialects: Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), Jhelumi, Mirpuri. Pahari means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages. A dialect chain with Panjabi and Hindko. Closeness to western Pahari is unknown. Lexical similarity 76% to 83% among varieties called 'Pahari', 'Potwari', and some called 'Hindko' in Mansehra,Muzaffarabad, and Jammun. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northern zone, Western Pahari.
Jhangochi or Rachnavi
Jhangochi (جھنگوچی) dialect is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. Jhangochi or Rachnavi is the oldest and most idiosyncretic dialect of the Punjabi. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal and Jhang at both ends of Ravi and Chenab to Gujranwala district. It then runs down to Bahawalnagar and Chishtian areas, on the banks of river Sutlej. This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Jhangochi dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants. This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiba. It is spoken in the Bar areas of Punjab, i.e., areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar', for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar, Ganji Bar and also from Khanewal to Jhang includes Faisalabad and Chiniot.
Shahpuri
This dialect is spoken in Pakistani Punjab. The Shahpuri language has been spoken by the people of the town Shahpur. This language has been spoken by the people of District Sargodha including Dera Chanpeer Shah, Khushab, Jhang, Mianwali, Attock, parts of Faisalabad (foremerly Lyallpur), parts of Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalnagar, Chakwal, Mianwali, Sargodha, Khushab and Mandi Bahauddin districts.
Hindko
Classified under Lahnda languages by many linguists; perhaps differs from Punjabi. Hindko dialect is spoken in north west Pakistani Punjab and North-West Frontier Province mainly this dialect is spoken in districts of Peshawar, Attock, Nowshehra, Mansehra, Balakot, Abbottabad and Murree and the lower half of Neelum District and Muzafarabad.
Malwi
Malwi spoken in the eastern part of Indian Punjab. Main areas are Patiala Ludhiana, Ambala, Bathinda, Ganganagar, Malerkotla, Fazilka, Ferozepur. Malwa is the southern and central part of present day Indian Punjab. It also includes the Punjabi speaking northern areas of Haryana, viz. Ambala, Hissar, Sirsa, Kurukshetra etc. Not to be confused with the Malvi language, which shares its name.
Doabi
Doabi spoken in Indian Punjab. The word "Do Aabi" means "the land between two rivers" and this dialects is spoken between the rivers of Beas and Sutlej. It includes Jalandhar, Nawanshahr, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur districts.
Pwadhi
Powadh or Puadh or Powadha is a region of Punjab and parts of Haryana between the Satluj and Ghaggar rivers. The part lying south, south-east and east of Rupnagar adjacent to Ambala District (Haryana) is Powadhi. The Powadh extends from that part of the Rupnagar District which lies near Satluj up to the Ghaggar river in the east, which separates the states of Punjab and Haryana. Parts of Fatehgarh Sahib district, and parts of Patiala districts like Rajpura are also part of Powadh. The language is spoken over a large area in present Punjab as well as Haryana. In Punjab, Kharar, Kurali, Ropar, Nurpurbedi, Morinda, Pail, Rajpura and Samrala are the areas where the Puadhi language is spoken and the area itself is claimed as including from Pinjore, Kalka to Bangar area in Hisar district which includes even Nabha and Patiala in it.
Punjabi University classification
Punjabi University, Patiala, State of Punjab, India takes a very liberal definition of Punjabi in that it classifies Saraiki, Dogri, and Pothohari/Pothwari as Punjabi. Accordingly, the University has issued the following list of dialects of Punjabi:[25]
Awankari
Baar di Boli
Banwali
Bhattiani
Bherochi
Chacchi
Chakwali
Chambiali
Chenavri
Dhani
Doabi
Dogri
Ghebi
Gojri
Hindko
Jatki
Jhangochi
Kangri
Kachi
Lubanki
Malwai
Pahari
Pothohari/Pindiwali
Powadhi
Punchi
Peshori/Peshawari
Rathi
Swaen
Thalochri
Wajeerawadi
[edit] The "Lahnda" construct
The name "Punjab" means "5 waters" in Persian (panj ab) and refers to five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. The historical Punjab region, now divided between Pakistan and India, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. The bulk of the Panjab, 3.5 rivers are located in Pakistan. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej River, and lies entirely in present day India, well within the eastern half of historical Punjab.
The British linguist George Abraham Grierson came to the conclusion that a group of dialects known collectively as "western Punjabi" or Lahnda spoken north and west of the Punjab heartland, in the Indus valley itself and on the lower reaches of the other four tributaries (excluding the Beas River), in fact constituted a language distinct from eastern or jurdga Punjabi. He christened this group of dialects "Lahindā" in a volume of the Language Survey of India (LSI) published in 1919.[15] He grouped as "southern Lahnda" the dialects that are now recognized as multani or Saraiki. The northern Lahnda sub-Group has eveloved into Modern Panjistani (or pahiri/mirpur/pothoahri)and modern Hindko .Grierson tentatively identified the boundary between Punjabi and "Lahnda" as a north-south line running from the Gujranwala District to the former Montgomery District (near the town on Sahiwal). This line lies well west of Lahore and within the boundary of Pakistan.[26]
In the aftermath of the independence of Pakistan and subsequent Partition of 1947, some investigators supposed that the Punjabi speakers in new Pakistan might give up their native dialects and adopt one or another "Lahnda" dialect; but this did not occur.[26]
Classification by Ethnologue
Because of the stature of Ethnologue as a widely accepted authority on the identification and classification of dialects and languages, their divergent views of the geographical distribution and dialectal naming of the Punjabi language merit mention. They designate what tradition calls "Punjabi" as "Eastern Punjabi" and they have implicitly adopted the belief (contradicted by other specialists[27]) that the language border between "western Panjabi" and "eastern Panjabi" has shifted since 1947 to coincide with the international border.[28]
Examples
English
Majhi, Lahori/Amritsari
Pothohari
Dogri
Kangri
Pahari
What are you doing? (masculine)
Ki karda ae?
Ka karne uo?
Ke karde o?
Ke (kay) peya kare-nanh?
What are you doing? (masculine to address female)
Ki kardi aa?
Ka karani ay?
Ke karani ae?
Ke (kay) pai (payi) kare-neenh?
How are you?
Ki haal hai,
Keh aal e?
ke aal a?
Tudda ke haal e (eh)?
Do you speak Punjabi?
Tusi Punjabi Bol laende ho ?
Punjabii bolne uo?
Punjabi bolde o?
Punjabi uburne o?
Where are you from?
Tusi kidhar to ho?/ Tusi kidron aaye ho?
Tusa kudhr nay aiyo?
Tus kudhr to o?
Kathe ne o?
Pleased to meet you
Tenu mil ke bahut khushi hoyi
Tusan milay tay boo khushi oye
Tusan nu miliye bahut khusi oyi
Tussan mil ke khushi thi.
What's your name?
Todi naam ki e?
Tusan naa ke aa?
Tusan da naa kay ai?
Tudda ke naanh ve?
My name is ...
Mera naam ... e
Mara naa ... e
Mera naa ... e
Mainda naanh ... eh
What is your village's name?
Todi pind/graan da naam ki hai?/ Tuhada pind/graan kehda hai?
Tusane graana naa ke aa?
Tusan da graan kay aa?
Tudde gerayenh na ke naanh ve?
Yes
Haan
Ahoo
Ah
Hanh
No
Nahin
Naa
Naa
Nainh
Would you like (to eat) some sweets?
Mithaee lainee aa? / Mithaee Khaauge?
Mithaee Kaso?
Mithaee khaani e?
Kuj mitha khaine o?
I love you.
Main tenu pyar kardaa
Mai tuki pyar karna
Mai tusi pyar karna
Main tuhan pyar kare-nanh.
We went to the Cinema
Assi Cinema gaye sige
Assa cinema gaye saa
Assi cinema gaye ayan.
Where should I go?
Mainu kitthe jana chahida hai?
mai kudhar jaa
Phonology
Vowels
Front
Central
Back
Close


Near-close
Close-mid

ə

Open
ɛː
ɑː
ɔː
There are also nasalized vowels.
Consonants
Bilabial
Labio-dental
Dental/Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
m
n
ɳ
ɲ
ŋ
Plosive andAffricate
voiceless
p

ʈ
t͡ʃ
k
voiceless aspirated

t̪ʰ
ʈʰ
t͡ʃʰ

voiced
b

ɖ
d͡ʒ
ɡ
Fricative
(f)
s (z)
(ʃ)
ɦ
Flap
ɾ
ɽ
Approximant
ʋ
l
ɭ
j
Tone
Punjabi has three phonemically distinct tones that developed from the lost murmured (or "voiced aspirate") series of consonants. Phonetically the tones are rising or rising-falling contours and they can span over one syllable or two, but phonemically they can be distinguished as high, mid, and low.
A historical murmured consonant (voiced aspirate consonant) in word initial position became tenuis and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: ghoṛā [kòːɽɑ̀ː] "horse". A stem final murmured consonant became voiced and left a high tone on the two syllables preceding it: māgh [mɑ́ːɡ] "October". A stem medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became voiced and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: maghāṇā [məɡɑ̀ːɳɑ̀ː] "to be lit". Other syllables and words have mid tone.[29]
Grammar
Main article: Punjabi grammar
Writing system
There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Shahmukhi and differs from the standard Nastaʿlīq script as it has four additional letters.[30] The eastern part of the Punjab region, located in India, is divided into three states. In the state of Punjab, Sikhs and others use the Gurmukhī script. Punjabi Hindus who are mainly concentrated in the neighbouring Indian states such of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, as well as the national capital territry of Delhi, sometimes use the Devanāgarī script to write Punjabi.[30]
Punjabi in modern culture
Now in the age of globlistation Punjabi is becoming more acceptable among Punjabis when they are learning values like respect and dignity for mothertongue through modern media and communications.Punjabi language always has been intergal part of Indian bollywood cinema.In recent years trend of songs totally in Punjabi language in Bollywood movies can be observed.Punjabi pop and folk songs are very popular both in India and Pakistan at national level.A number of dram tv serials based on Punjabi characters are telecasted by different tv channels.Now number of student opting Punjabi literature has increased in Pakistani Punjab.See List of eastern or judrga Punjabi authors.
Dictionaries
Singh, Maya. The Panjabi dictionary. Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons, 1895.
Punjabi Dictionary English to Punjabi Dictionary
Punjabi to English Dictionary Convert Punjabi word into English
Online translator English to Punjabi, or vice-versa
Punjabi Kosh Free Windows based Punjabi->English->Punjabi dictionary
Punjabi Kashmiri Dictionary by Omkar N Koul and Rattan Lal Talashi. Patiala: Language Department. 1998.
Pothohari (Nothern Lahnda,pahari or Modern panjistani) dictionary by Sharif Shad
See also
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of India
List of Indian languages by total speakers
Hindi to Punjabi Machine Translation System